22School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT-AP University, Inavolu, Beside AP Secretariat Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, 522237, India
Abstract
In response to the critical limitations of donor site availability and risks of harvesting morbid-ity associated with autologous bone grafts, as well as the potential risk of disease transmission from allografts, there is a significant demand for artificial bone scaffolds in bone tissue engi-neering. This study introduces a novel thermoset biopolymer binder, specifically formulated to enhance the printability and performance of zinc-based direct ink writing (DIW) scaffolds, distinguishing it from previously reported systems. Zinc scaffolds are extremely promising due to their excellent biocompatibility, degradability and the ability to mimic the microstructure and properties of human cancellous bone. This work systematically investigated the rheologi-cal behaviours and printability of a water-based ink consisted of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) biodegradable polymers with zinc metal powder, which was the first attempt to fabricate advanced porous lattice structures for biomedical applications. The viscosity of the ink was 18,000 mPa·s, which decreased significantly to 500 mPa·s at a shear rate of 1000 s-1, ensuring optimal flow behavior during extrusion. The research performed the combination of 10 mm/s print speed and 2 bar extrusion pressure was optimal for printing high-fidelity zinc lattice structures, using a nozzle diameter of 1.9 mm, extrusion pressures of 0.5, 1.5 and 2 bar and print speeds of 5 mm/s and 10 mm/s. This study demonstrates the potential for the use of a novel, rheologically optimized thermoset biopolymer binder in zinc-based DIW scaffolds that can serve as a structurally robust and biocompatible alternative to conventional bone grafts for bone tissue engineering.
