Abnormality in medical images is an ill healthy or unnecessary growth or deterioration of a minute part in any organ. The most common form of defect is Cancer, Bleed, Edema, Infarct, Tumor, and Aneurysm in any part of the body. Among these abnormalities of High-risk factor Cancer (Malignant Tumor), Large Tumor (Benign) and Aneurysm are treated as exceptional cases. Region Of Interest (ROI) confirms Abnormality Of Interest (AOI) in various locations of cancer, tumor, and aneurysm images. Cancer and tumor have interdependence and imperial relationship. Using Segmentation ROI of any AOI is identified by subtracting the background from the foreground The case studies of cancer or tumor interest are known as Oncological Studies. The associated research related to Aneurysm is Homodynamic or Haemodynamic analysis. This paper provides qualitative information of all the three abnormalities. It first describes different kinds of abnormalities in brief and later, a particular focus on three abnormalities (Cancer, Tumor, and Aneurysm) and their Symptoms, Types, Treatment, Associated medical image modalities. Later, it concentrates on the Opportunities and challenges in these studies via different databases/data sets for diagnosis, tools for their modeling and analysis which provides professional growth in Medical academia, Research and Development (R&D) and Medical-surgical interventional community.