In terms of renewable energy sources, studies on increasing the amount of methane produced per unit feeding materials have attracted attention in recent years. Many different methods like chemical, physical, thermal, and thermochemical processes have been applied to anaerobic digesters for enhancing biogas production efficiency. Recently, besides these processes, supporting anaerobic digestion (AD) system with conductive materials like graphite, magnetite, activated carbon, etc. is one of the trend topics. In this paper, the effect of graphite on biogas/biomethane production potential was investigated for co-digestion of food waste (FW) and cow manure (CM). Additionally, the relationship between the distribution of anaerobic microbial structure and operational conditions is examined using Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that Clostridium could enhance to methanogenesis process through conductive materials such as graphite. These findings will improve the understanding of the mutual relationship between operational conditions and community composition in anaerobic digestion of food waste and cow manure mixture. As a result, the analysis of the correlation between microbiome and operational parameters indicated that Clostridium, Methanosaeta, and Methanosarcina, all together could enhance to methanogenesis process with the graphite supplementation.